Enhancing my Self-Esteem

Approaching Stuttering Using NLP and Neuro-Semantics

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The subjective experience of stuttering occurs as a speech pattern when we begin to say something, but then feels “tied up” and unable to express ourselves in an easy and spontaneous way. Sometimes it feels as if we have two or more competing ideas or feelings fighting for dominance, each interrupting the other. At other times, it feels as if we’re fighting against a state of stress and anxiety. We all experience this from time to time. And yet we do not identify ourselves as “stutterers,” or think of stuttering as a particular problem. Yet others do.

Stuttering, for some people, involves a long established speech habit. For whatever reason, the experience of speaking in a non-fluent way has become one’s very style of speaking. To create this phenomenon, a person has to give lots of attention and mental-and-emotional energy to the non-fluency.

Of course this reveals a meta-level (or meta-state) structure: awareness of non-fluency, dislike and negative evaluation of the non-fluency, defining “self” in terms of this experience (“I am a stutterer”), and trying hard to not speak with non-fluency, in other words, hesitating in the hesitating.

• How can NLP effectively respond to stuttering?
• What patterns, insights, and processes in NLP can we apply to the experience of stuttering that will access the magic of transformation for those who suffer from stuttering?

Exploring the Structure of the Non-Fluency

 

Typically, the linguistic experience of stuttering involves a person accessing a state of stress and feeling that stress about speaking. This becomes especially true with regard to being put on the spot, pressured to speak, pronouncing a difficult term, presenting an idea that might not be well-accepted, feeling unprepared, etc. This implicates the role that stress plays in the experience of stuttering. This seems especially true when it involves the self-imposed stress of judging that we should not stutter or that stuttering is “bad.” In this, the more stress, the more pronounced the stuttering. In this we recognize a meta-level structure, the more we dislike and negatively judge the stuttering, the more likely the stuttering.

“Stress” here refers to a psychological state wherein we think-and-feel that a situation is threatening, dangerous, or overwhelming. In the representing of these ideas, the automatic nervous system gets cued into the Fight/Flight or General Arousal Syndrome which then activates our whole organism for survival. When we do this, it obviously affects muscle tension, breathing, and other facets of physiology affecting how we use our body, throat, vocal chords, etc. for speaking. This sets the foundation for problems with stuttering.

Yet to become truly proficient at stuttering, something more is needed. Speaking with tension in one’s voice and non-fluently alone does not lock in stuttering as a habit. To do that, we have to go meta and set a frame of judgment that we really “should not” do this. We have to taboo and prohibit non-fluency.

As we outframe our non-fluent talk with judgment, negative evaluation, dislike, self-contempt, embarrassment, etc., we give more and more psychic energy to it. This kind of negating (Command Negation) has a paradoxical effect. It makes things worst. It brings the non-fluency more and more into our mind. We mark it out even more. We punctuate it as an experience and an experience which we do not tolerate. We highlight and solidify the experience. Here we send a demanding order to ourselves:

“Do not stutter… do not hesitate in speaking. … Do not make a fool of yourself by stumbling over your words.”

Now this kind of negating will almost always amplify the very thing we’re trying to make go away. Of course, not all negations work this way. But Command Negations do. In The Structure of Excellence (1999), we have described seven other kinds of negations, some which provide us very effective ways to actually negate things so that they truly go away.

For stuttering, we begin with a state of stress as we define our speaking as dangerous if we do not speak “correctly.” We access a primary state of stress. After that, we layer yet another state of stress about the first state. We stress ourselves that we should not stutter, that it is “bad,” that it shows ourselves as inadequate, etc. In this way, we meta-state ourselves into self-judgment about non-fluency. We make a big deal over the non-fluent talk and punctuate it as something to become very conscious about. Yet, paradoxically, the more we punctuate it, the more self-conscious we become of it. We call “stuttering” into existence in this way.

Stuttering as a Skill and Accomplishment

 

In working with numerous clients with “stuttering,” Bob says that without exception, in every single person, he has found the anticipatory fear of stuttering precedes the physical act of stuttering in speech.

When I (BB) met Clint, he had problems pronouncing words that started with consonants. With words that started with vowels, he had no problem. With great mental exertion, Clint would plan what he was going to say in order to avoid words that may cause him to stutter. So he constantly, with great mental anguish, thought ahead and planned carefully what he was going to say to avoid the experience of self-conscious stuttering. Talk about a state of painful self-consciousness. Of course, this became a vicious loop. As a result, it created the anxiety and in him, first at the primary level, then at meta-levels as he brought stressful thoughts back onto himself. It all began with a fear the fear of an idea. He feared the idea of standing and reading in front of a class or a group. He feared that he would not be fluent. Therefore he became hyper-vigilant about choosing his words carefully.

He said, “I have to pronounce all of the words ahead of time in my mind as I speak.”

“Clint,” I said, “you really work hard at this!”

“Yes, I do.”

“Can you imagine what it would be like if you used all these energies to focus on the persons you’re speaking to rather than on your own self-consciousness regarding how you are saying it? What would happen if you devoted this much work and energy to that?”

From our experience in working with people who stutter, the anticipatory anxiety itself (a meta-state structure) significantly contributes to causing an actual constriction of the muscles around the larynx. This constriction prohibits the free flow of air through the larynx. The literature on stuttering confirms this.

Because Clint had real problems saying words that began with the letter m, I asked him to say multiple motors motivate us. Each time he repeated this phrase, he would stutter on the first “m” in multiple, yet once he got started, he would flow through the other two “m” words without any problem.

In NLP and Neuro-Semantics we readily recognize this mind-body or neuro-linguistic relationship. As the mind accesses states, attributes meanings, and layers thought upon thought, it evokes various muscular responses the mind-muscle connection.

Knowing this, I (Bob) directed Clint to begin forcing air through his larynx before saying “multiple,” This made a big difference. As air flowed through his throat, he begin speaking the word “multiple.” This time he did so without stuttering. When this happened, I explained that this procedure relaxed the larynx muscles and allowed him to speak without stuttering. I also informed him that before we would finish the session, I had high hopes that we could eliminate the cause of the anxiety and stress so he wouldn’t even have to worry with doing this.

The General Semantics of Stuttering

 

Wendell Johnson (1946/1989) has an extensive presentation of stuttering from the General Semantics model. In his classic book, People in Quandaries, he speaks about the social construction of stuttering. He spoke about this as our semantic environment in his seventeenth chapter, “The Indians Have No Word for It.”

As a linguist and psychologist who worked with speaking disorders, Johnson described stuttering as having the structure of “hesitating to hesitate,” or “hesitating to speak in a non-fluent” way. This negative meta-state describes a frame of prohibition and rejection over the non-fluent talk. In all of the Native American cultures that Johnson studied, he never found a single case of stuttering.

The only Native Americans that he found who did stutter had been raised in a white culture. There the parents followed their cultural programming and punctuated the experience of not speaking with perfect fluency (the natural state of children learning to speak and adults for that matter!). They marked it out. They anchored it. They set a frame to not speak hesitatingly.

This made the children aware of the non-fluency and invited them to dislike it, try to stop it, condemn it, forbid it, taboo it, etc. This did not occur in the Indian cultures. They never noticed the non-fluency. They attached no significance to its presence and so it did not “exist” for them, it was not “real” in that culture.

This describes the seeming paradoxical nature of installing a meta-frame of negation. To install “Don’t hesitate” over the normal process of talking highlights hesitancy and gets us into a self-consciousness of it. If we then attach pain to this (the psychic pain of embarrassment, inadequacy, mockery, etc.), then we have an energy system that amplifies the effect.

The Structure of Speaking with Ease and Fluency

 

If we do not stutter and hesitate when we speak, how do we speak? What is the opposite of stuttering?

The opposite is to calmly speak which usually enables us to speak smoothly and gracefully and when we are searching for words, nervous about the impression we’re making, unsure of the content or language of what we want to say we calmly speak in a non-fluent way without making much of a deal about it. The opposite of the behavior of hesitating, blocking, and stuttering is to just speak, to do as in as relaxed manner as possible and to breathe fully as we do so.

What does all of this presuppose? It presupposes that we will be operate from the frames of mind that empower and enable these kinds of states, namely feeling relaxed, calm, at ease with self, un-self-consciousness, etc.

To set these kinds of frames we have to take away the prohibitions, taboos, and inhibitions. We have to take away the dangers and threats that set off the psychological stress. As we set such frames, this gives the diaphragm and the larynx muscles permission just to relax and allow for the free flow of air and speech.

Even earlier, Viktor Frankl addressed this by using “paradoxical injunction.” He would provide instructions for clients to “speak with lots of hesitations,” and to purposefully stutter. This presupposes that we have “the stuttering” rather than the stuttering having us.

The Drop Down Meta-Stating Technique for Stuttering

 

In the following case study, Bob illustrates how to use the meta-stating process of moving outside of all negative frames and to invite a client to drop down through emotion after emotion until he drops into a Void of Nothingness, and then to drop through that. This depth metaphor essentially lets us drop down through the old frames that created the problem and then to drop into higher level resources. We can then use these meta-frames to apply (or bring to bear upon) to the experience.

Clint, a single young man of 30, had stuttered for years. With a college degree in English, he plans to teach at the college level. He will soon enter graduate school.

I (BB) began the therapeutic process by first meta-modeling the trigger that set off the stuttering. This involved “difficult” words, especially those that began with a consonant. When Clint thought about speaking difficult words, he would say to himself, “Oh, gosh, I’ve got to say this next word,” and then would come the “block.” When he then experienced this “block,” his neck muscles constricted.

As it turned out, the “block” involved a negative kinesthetic in his stomach. He called this feeling “dread.” Interestingly, Clint had already devised a kinesthetic strategy to overcome this. Once he got the feeling of dread, he would do something physical, like flip a pen in his hand. Or, if the block was especially strong, he would slap his knee very hard. By doing something physical, he could then “get the word out.” The physical act relaxed the muscles.

Given this, I had him access a relaxed state. From there I meta-stated him with that resourceful state of calm relaxation. In the process I drew a diagram illustrating the concept of Meta-States, and how they work. With his sharp mind, Clint grasped it immediately.

As he accessed a calm and relaxed state, he said, “With this feeling, the block of that dread feeling has no power to make me stutter.”

I asked about the visual images of his relaxed meta-state. He said it was just above his head in a panoramic fashion. So I next asked Clint, “What happens when you bring that relaxed state to bear on your state of dread?”

“Well, Bob, it would invalidate it.”

We repeated this process a few times and it did make some differences. Yet the resulting testing of Clint’s speaking did not satisfy me. I asked him to repeat the phrase, “Multiple motors motive me.” He stumbled again on the first word. He was pleased about how much it had diminished, but I wanted it to vanish entirely.

So I had him access his kinesthetic of “feeling of dread” which operated as his cue for stuttering. He located the “feeling of dread” in his stomach. Since a negative kinesthetic like this usually responds well to The Drop Down Through Technique (see Time-Lining, 1997), I asked him to drop down through the feeling of dread to the emotion below it.

He went immediately into the Void.

I then asked him to drop down through the Nothingness. “And what is out the other side?”

“I can see a pool of water.”

I suggested that he drop into the pool of water. “And now that you have dropped into the pool of water, describe what you feel being present in the pool of water.”

In describe the meaning of that meta-state, he used the words, “free and cool.”

That did it. That was the meta-state resource that he needed. So I kept accessing the state of feeling totally free and cool in him, and as I did, suggesting that he bring those feelings to bear on the feeling of dread that he had about speaking.

“Where is the dread now in the cool pool?”

“It is disappearing, I can see it far off. It is going. I see it above me and it is going away.”

So I prompted, “Let it go away.”

And he did.

I broke state and we began talking about something else. We did, Clint went on for tem or fifteen minutes talking in a very relaxed way. He did not stuttered one time. In our small talk, I spoke to him about NLP and described what the model offers. He kept right on talking without ever stuttering. So I anchored the cool pool and then had him anchor it in so he could recall it at will.

When he left, he knew that he had gained control over the stuttering. For years, he had exerted lots of mental and emotional energy continuously to control it. He now realized that he was free to use his mind for creativity rather than worrying about stuttering.

Summary

 

• Behaviors come out of states. The speech behavior of stuttering similarly arises from certain states and meta-states. As an expression of state dependency, stuttering makes perfect sense and functions as a highly developed skill. But it is not a very useful one. Nor does it enhance life. By transforming the state and by accessing more empowering states and meta-level structures, the experience can change for good.
• Here we have applied neuro-linguistic states and meta-states to stuttering. Additionally, a person could look for limiting beliefs that support the stuttering and transform them into empowering beliefs. A person could use the Swish Pattern to enable the one stuttering to step into “the Me for Whom that is no longer a problem.” Time-lining, collapsing of anchors, and reframing providing some other useful processes.

 

Did you like this article? Then read From Stuttering to Stability: A Case Study by Linda Rounds with Bob Bodenhamer, D. Min. for another case study of Linda’s overcoming a long term stuttering disability.

 

Also, Rising Up to Drop-Down Through: The Art of Dropping-Down Through Experiences; Even Stuttering While Rising Higher by Bobby G. Bodenhamer, D. Min. and L. Michael Hall, Ph.D.

References:

 

Hall, Michael; Bodenhamer, Bobby (1999). The structure of excellence: Unmasking the meta-levels of submodalities. Grand Jct. CO: E.T. Publications.

Johnson, Wendell. (1946/ 1989). People in quandaries: The semantics of personal adjustment. San Francisco, CA: International Society for General Semantics.

Lederer, Debra; Hall, Michael. (1999). Instant relaxation: Stress reduction for work, home, and life. Wales, UK: Crown House Publications.

The Power Zone Pattern with Responsibility To/For (PDF Format) – Begin Taking Your Power Back

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The Identity Gestalt of Living Beyond a Fragile Ego

A Meta-Stating Pattern to Create the Gestalt State of Un-Insult-Ability

L. Michael Hall, Ph.D.

Are you un-insultable?   Would you like to be?  Would that empower you to feel more comfortable to take the needed risks in following your passions?  If you’re going to do anything of any value in the world—someone will criticize you.  Probably, lots of people will pooh-pooh it, tear it down, say you’re crazy for considering it, wonder what’s gotten into you, what’s wrong with you, and why can’t you mind your place?  Insults—they seem to be everywhere if you have eyes for them, if you have a frame that sorts for them.

But it doesn’t have to be that way.  You have never stumbled over a hunk of “insult” and wiped your brawl in relief that it didn’t hit you.  “Insults” are not see-hear-feel things at all.  In the world outside of your mind (and the Matrix of your Frames), there are only words, comments, tones, and volumes.  “Insults” are things of the mind.  So, what if you just didn’t take insult?  And what if you had the frames that allowed you to be un-insultable?

Un-insultability doesn’t mean you don’t care about people or what they say or do.  It doesn’t mean you have become so hardened or apathetic that you have a “so what?” attitude.  It rather refers to being so grounded in your own self, in your values and visions about life, and so clear about what you are doing that when someone does attempt to “insult” you, you just don’t “go there” and waste your mental and emotional energy wallowing in bad feelings.  You get on with things.  You inquire innocently and naively, or curiously and with self-dignity about the words or tones given.  It’s really a very altered state and one not frequently visited by humans—but definitely a human possibility for those who want it.

In presenting, training, and coaching the un-insult-able state over the years, we have found that it empowers people to respond to “criticism” effectively and positively, to handle tense and stressful communication interchanges, to work through conflicts over differences and mistunderstandings, to confront without being obnoxious, and to deal with people in bad moods with much more grace and resourcefulness.

If you can Give It, You should be able to Take It

Now since everybody seems very skilled at dishing out criticism, you would think that most people would also have the ability to take it well and use it for their learning and growth.  Right?  Well, not quite.  Actually a strange thing happens when it comes to criticism or conflict, namely, most people seem to be very sensitive about criticism.  Few people seem to know how to make good use of criticism.  Most respond to criticism with bad feelings and never even consider the possibility of responding to criticism with good feelings or of putting the best twist on criticism.  Most take insult all too easily.  How do you typically respond to criticism?

The Need for Un-Insultability:

We need the state of being un-insultable in order to take risks, engage people, and to receive feedback information about what doesn’t work, errors, and mistakes if we want to improve and not become sabotaged by fear.  This raises some pretty personal questions:

How easily can you move into a meta-state about that criticism so that you see and feel it as just information and feedback?

How easy can you respond from a state where you take criticism or conflict without displeasure, dismay, discouragement, depression, but with contentment, delight, appreciation, and understanding?

The power of un-insult-ability lies in how it eliminates the emotional black-hole of criticism.  When we access this state and operate from it, we are empowered to positively work through communications exchanges in a constructive and transformative way.   This state further allows us to hear out complaints, even harsh and cruel criticism, without getting defensive.  And when we don’t get defensive, when we don’t get hooked into it, we can maintain our dignity, explore the situation, and come up with creative solutions.  So, given that, how much un-insultability would you like?

Elicit your Insultablity Strategy — Your Skill in Taking Insult

First let’s elicit your strategy for how you take insult.  You can do that, can’t you?  Take insult, that is?  Can you even take it when it’s not even being offered?  This is no trivial task, you know.  You have to prepare yourself with expectations and numerous belief frames so that you can be “wired up” (anchored) to “get your buttons pushed” and then quickly respond with defensiveness, hurt feelings, and feeling insulted.  Use these questions to elicit your strategy:

How do you think-and-feel about criticism?
How do you think-and-feel about negative information?
How easy do you take offense?
What do you think-and-feel about the person of the critic?
Do you inevitably feel a sense of displeasure?

1) Identify a referent experience:

Have you ever took insult from someone?  How did you do that?
What enabled you to do that?
Where did you send your brain?  What movie did you create in your mind?
What was the internal sound track like?  How loud was it?

2) What internal conversation did you have with yourself about the criticism?

If you used any of the following, check them.

__ “This is insulting!”
__ “I don’t want to hear this.”
__ “I don’t want them to say these things.”
__ “These words mean I am inadequate.”
__ “They don’t have any right to talk this way to me!”
__ “This feels like an attack of my self-esteem!”
__ “If they are right, that means I’m going to have to invest time & trouble changing.”

3) Check for the following features:

Since there’s a structure to every experience, find out the frame structure of “taking insult” by focusing on the following variables.

Caring about what the other thinks: Do you want or do you need approval?
Lack or weakness of personal boundaries.  How strong are your boundaries?
Lack of a strong sense of “self,” confidence to handle things.
Lack of a strong sense of values and visions.
Map/Territory confusion: Do you consider or feel that words or tones are real?

Design Engineer a Meta-State Structure of Un-Insult-Ablity:

With that preparation you now should be aware of the key variables that play a role in “taking insult” and can use them to build up a meta-state of un-insultability.  In doing so, use the basic meta-stating process of accessing the resource, amplifying it so that it is strong enough, applying it to the primary state of receiving some communication and behavior.

1) Boundaries:

What are your sense of “boundaries” like when you are criticized?
How strong do you feel within those boundaries?
Are those boundaries like walls, glass, an energy field?
How present are you to the other person or persons?
How much energy and strength do you feel within your boundaries?

2) Sense of Self:

Do you have a strong and unconditional sense of your core self?
Are you fully inside your Power Zone (response-ability) and take complete ownership of those powers?
Do you have a robust sense of self-acceptance, self-appreciation, and self-awe or esteem?
How strong is your sense of self-confidence in your skills and abilities?

3) Beliefs about external things:

What can you believe about words and actions “out there” in order to keep them “out there?”
What do you believe about other people?
What do you believe about those closest to you who seem to know how to push your buttons?

4) Frames of Meaning about Insult, put-downs, reputation, honor, etc.

What supporting beliefs, meanings, etc. would enable you to reframe “insult?”

The Primary State is a “Critique”

As you build up the meta-state of un-insultability, remember that we are working with the primary state of receiving some information, communications, or behaviors that we either don’t want, find unpleasant, or reflect another person’s unresourceful state.  Remember also that most of us criticize due to a positive intention.  What is that?  We are trying to make things better, that’s why we criticize.   The sequence goes like this: We feel bad, we evaluate something as not meeting our expectation, standard, or desire, and so we offer one of our brilliant critiques!

Let’s now shift gears.  Think about a time when you listened to criticism without feeling bad.  Think about a time when you heard critique about yourself that you actually appreciated, evaluated it as useful feedback, and used it to alter your behavior for the better.   If you can’t recall a time, then use your wild imagination to imagine what that would be like.

After you have fully stepped into that state, then consider what would have to be true for you in order for you to pull that off.

What do you say to yourself in response to a criticism?
How does that contrast with what you found for “taking criticism?”

Menu List for Picking Resources for Un-Insultability

Each of the following offers possible resources that you might want to pick in putting together your personalized formula for creating un-insultability.

1) Get centered to separate yourself from the incoming information.

Step aside from the content so that you can think about both the information and your thoughts about it.  Get “psychological distance” from it.  Don’t get caught-up in the content of the criticism.

Make your representations of the criticism as an internal Movie that you observe at a great distance.  Listen to the criticism as if you were two blocks away or two miles away.  Imagine the person behind a wall of Plexiglas so that you feel safe.  Now turn your pictures into a black-and-white snapshot and see you in your internal pictures and someone criticizing you.

Be sure to highly esteem yourself as valuable human being no matter what— unconditionally, and to fully own your innate dignity.  Refuse to allow criticism to question your value, worth, dignity, visions, principles, etc.   Refuse to let it de-motivate, break your spirit, or hold you back from living fully.  Do not put your self-esteem on the line. Access the meta-state of unconditionally self-esteeming.  Consider your esteem, value, and dignity as a given.

2) Access a non-personalizing state.

If you fear information you must give words and ideas lots of unresourceful symbolic meanings.  Somehow you are doing what a five-year-old days, you are personalizing and making it about you.  Practice hearing the words and seeing the gestures without personalizing as you see that it is about the person speaking.  It comes from his or her mouth, not yours.

3) Fully own your Power Zone.

Step into a robust sense of your basic powers and draw the “responsibility to/for” line that allows you to distinguish what you are responsible for, namely what comes out of your power zone, and what you might be responsible to, namely those relationships that you have promised to talk or act in a certain way.

As you create some useful boundaries and center yourself in your values, principles, relationships, and visions so that you feel and know your own self-integrity, then say,

“What anyone says to me is not mine!  I do not have to immediately believe it!  I can just perceive it.”

4) Set Reason Frames to outframe the criticism.

Set reason frames for taking the criticism.  In order to feel insulted, you have to take insult.  So give yourself compelling reasons to stop that.  I like these:

“When a fool is annoyed, he quickly lets it be known.  Smart people will ignore an insult.” (Proverbs 12:16)
“A gentleman will not insult me, and no man not a gentleman can insult me.” (Frederick Douglas)

5) Access Appreciation to Thank Your Critic.

When we really believe that “There is no Criticism, only information,” we can then actually thank our critic, even when he or she unexpectedly blasts us or interrupts us.  Appreciation grows and develops as we look for the positives in the experience.  So listen with a quiet and receptive mind.  Then thank critic for his concern and straightforwardness.

“I appreciate you bringing this to my attention.  It offers me feedback that could possible benefit me.”

6) Outframe the criticism as mere Information.

If the critic speaks in vague statements, then first gather more information.  Gather information in a matter-of-fact, curious and non-emotional way.  Then you can evaluate the criticism for its usefulness.

“Would you tell me more?  Just how do you think I exist as a turkey, or why I am clumsy.  How specifically do I remind you of a turkey?”
“Well it’s true that sometimes I act like a SOB, in what way specifically do you think I’m behaving that way right now?”

7) As you discern the Responsibility TO and FOR Line, cut it in your speech for the other.

The responsibility to/for line provides a method for stepping out of the primary state and owning our Power Zone or Bubble.  Someone screams at you, access the frame of mind that allows you to feel this fully:

“Whatever comes at me does not belong to me.  I did not produce it.  It belongs to another.”

Then, with that non-personalizing thinking you can resourcefully respond:

“Apparently you have some very strong and negative emotions you want to express.  I want to hear what you have to say.  But given your volume, I can only heard bits and pieces of it, would you repeat what you just said in a calmer way?  I promise to listen carefully.”    Un-insultable!

8) Humanize the Critic:

If someone screams obscenities or acts in a stupid and obnoxious way, it is very easy to default to dehumanizing them and letting them have it!   Don’t do that.  It will not make matters better, although it will give you an immediate satisfaction of hurting the person back.  Instead continue defusing and do so by defusing yourself first.  Shift to think about your critic with a humanizing perspective, that will empower you to listen empathically:

“Interesting words.  His words, of course, not mine.  He has the right to say such. He must really feel insecure & grumpy to talk this way.”  Un-insultable!

“I really want to hear what you’ve got to say.  It sounds like you feel very angry at me, & I will hear out your anger.  But when you cuss at me like this, I have a hard time hearing you.  If I promise to listen to you would you promise to stop the obscenities?”  Un-insultable!

Distinguish your critic’s behavior from his or her person. Refuse to confuse the critic’s behavior with his/her person.  Person differs from behavior. These are two different things.  Your critic is not the as his or her behavior.  Esteem the person of your critic and refuse to let the hurtful words run your negative emotions.  Assume the person’s good will and positive intentions and explore for them.  Often you will help them create them in the process.  Hear your critic out, do not read his/her mind or motives, invite their disclosure of their intentions.

“This seems pretty important to you.  How does it hold so much meaning to you?”  “What do you hope to achieve by this criticism that you consider of a positive benefit?”

9) Use your best defusing states and skills as you respond.

If you are trying to have a conversation with a hotheaded stressed-out cranky person, then take a moment to think strategically.  This will help you realize that this is not the time for talking, but for defusing.

Then shift gears and set your aim to defuse the person and to create an atmosphere of safety for that person to share his or her angers, fears, confusions, etc.  This will enable you to mentally sort out the responsibility to/for and to empower you to stay emotionally and verbally clear and centered.

10) Stubbornly Refuse to Counter-Attack.

In defusing ourselves, we have to set ourselves to stubbornly refuse to respond in kind—in a defensive way that counter-attacks.  That will only escalate things.  Instead, simply explore curiously to find out what’s going on.

“It sounds like you have some things about which you really want to set me straight. Does that represent your position?  Do you feel that this comprises your best choice to accomplish this?  What do you hope to accomplish by this?  How do you expect me to respond to you as you so express yourself? I want to hear you out, would you express yourself so that I could feel you offer this within a context of care and respect?”

11) Hold a critic responsible:

“If I do this wrong, what do you suggest I ought to do?  Will you help me to do it right?”

12) Optimistic Explanatory Style.

We will inevitably wonder and question regarding why we have critics who criticize.  What does this mean?  Why is this happening to me?  What are the motives, intentions, or agenda of the other?  What motives and agenda do I typically ascribe to such people?

This describes what we call our “explanatory style.”   So, as you evaluate your explanatory style,

Is it positive or negative?
Does it respect the critic’s dignity or do you immediately become disrespectful?
Is your style productive or unproductive for you in the long-run?
Do you evoke a humanizing perspective or a demonizing one?
What effect does your explanatory style then have upon you in terms of what state it induces in you?

13) Distinguish Language and Meaning:

How do you “code” criticism in your mind?  Examine this.
Remember: when people criticize, they merely say words that I dislike and do not prefer.  Evaluate thins: which puts me into a better state?

To construe a person’s critical words as “negative, hurtful, unfair, stupid, criticism” or to frame it as “feedback” about their thinking?  Don’t over-evaluate and over-load the other person’s words with too many negative meanings.

14) Recognize as Feedback:

Word are just words, and not the territory.  Map differs from territory!  Criticism only exists as words, symbols of another’s discernment, evaluation, critique.  Nothing more.  Words only functions as feedback about that person, their world, symbolic meanings, state, thinking, limitations, etc.  When framed as feedback, we can listen more attentively.

15) Accept Graciously:

Can you take true and useful “reproof” in a good spirit if you have done something wrong and need to be reproved?  Here are some old proverbs that speak to this kind of inner wisdom:

“A wise man listens to advice” (Prov. 12:15)

“A scoffer will not listen to rebuke” (Prov. 13:1)

“A rebuke goes deeper into a man of understanding than a hundred blows into a fool” (Prov. 17:10)

“Whoever loves disciplines loves knowledge, but he who hates reproof is stupid” (Prov. 12:1)

16) Simply say “No!” to criticism that does not fit.

If someone offers a criticism you think inappropriate, matter-of-factly say,

“Thanks, but it does not fit at this time.”

Then listen to criticism and explore it without buying it wholesale. Evaluate it: true or false, accurate or erroneous, useful or irrelevant.

Gestalt the Higher State of being Un-Insultable for Yourself

Now, with all of that in mind, you are ready to create your meta-state or gestalt state of un-insultabilty.  Here is the process.

1) Identify a primary state wherein you can imagine that you might be insulted, criticized, put-down, etc. in a training situation.

This will be our primary Reference Event—to which we will meta-state with resources.
Identify and set aside.
Can you imagine any situation, inside or outside of the training room, where you might receive criticism or insult?
When?  Where?  Under what conditions?

2) Access a strong sense of yourself, “Me!”

What do you believe, think, value, want, etc. as a person?  As a trainer?

Step into a strong sense of your own Power Zone: with your powers of thinking, emoting, speaking, and behaving.

And as you fully own those powers  … and access a sense of “Mine!” and apply it— how does that transform things for you?
Have you yet anchored your sense of self to your sense of space or territory?

Let’s do that …  gesture out a circle of excellence that’s yours.  Set up boundaries and borders that distinguishes “Me!” from everything that is “Not Me.”

How’s that?  Do you like that?

3) Use your Space of Self as your Beginning place.

Now I want you to welcome in the reference event of being criticized … that’s right … and notice how you experience that when you operate from a strong sense of being safe in yourself … does that give you enough  of a sense of power and safety to be able to hear clearly and respond calmly?

4) Identify Additional Resources.

What else do you need?
What other resource would you like to temper and texture this state with?

Access each one, Amplify the resource until it is appropriately intense,then apply to your Circle of Self state.

5) Future Pace and Solidify.

As you keep designing and re-designing this state, keep stepping into it, experiencing it … then stepping out to adjust it … when you have it so that it is just right for you, just the way you want it, then step in to fully own and experience the kinesthetics of it, and imagine taking it with you into your future trainings…

Summary

The state of mind-body-emotion that we call “un-insultability” is a complex state, layered with multiple layers of resourceful belief frames, understanding frames, and decision frames.  This pattern comes from the book Meta-States and from Dragon Slaying and is now used in several Neuro-Semantic Trainings— Trainers Training and Living Genius.

Hall of Frames
Frames of Secrecy vs. Openness

L. Michael Hall, Ph.D.

In the field of Family Systems there is a little aphorism that summarizes one of the main themes in working with families to promote health, healing, sanity, and love. It’s a great line and I still use it often even though I do not formally do family or marriage counseling these days. In fact, recently Bob and I have talked about this phrase and commented about how powerful and magical it is. What’s the line? It is this.

A family is as sick as its secrets.

The power and magic within this phrase or principle identifies such healing factors for the mind-body system and for relationships as―openness, vulnerability, transparency, fallibility, humility, accountability, responsibility, etc. How can so many healing and magical ideas be contained in one line? Let’s see. Let’s pull it apart and notice all of the frames within frames, systems of thoughts-and-feelings within thoughts-and-feelings contained in such a high level principle about families and relationships.

Frames by Implication

In Neuro-Semantics, we speak about frames by implication a lot. This is the idea that within one idea there can be other embedded ideas or frames. In common language we call these “assumptions” or “presuppositions.” We presuppose some working assumptions in order to be able to say something. Structurally, an idea is embedded inside of many other frames― a matrix of frames. This gives us belief systems, value systems, systems involve domains of knowledge, understandings, rules, models of the world, etc.

So, what are the frames by implication in the idea of secrecy/openness? For beginners, we are secretive rather than open when we:

• have something to hide
• fear being seen
• fear being open and vulnerable
• conflicted inside about our own thinking, valuing, believing
• unsure, indecisive, hesitant
• fearful of not being in control of others, their responses

This is just a beginning and preliminary start. We can add other things.

What other things would you add to this list?
When you think about times when you have been secretive, what has driven that?

As you well know, none of us are born secretive. Infants and small children are not secretive. If you have any question about that, just watch them. They are open, vulnerable, and transparent. They have nothing to hide. They are who they are. This is what makes them so charming, so loveable, is it not?

Then we being the socializing and culturalizing of them, teaching them to cover their mouth when they eat or burp, or to go to the toilet for certain functions. Our teaching is so help them to become appropriate in their actions and behaviors in society. The problem is that some parents over-do this and frame some responses as if they were “bad” or “evil.” Then there are experiences in which some become afraid of being open because of the harsh criticism or rejection they get. So they grow up becoming afraid of being open.

Others simply lack good role models. No one exemplifies for them how to move through the world as an open, vulnerable, and fallible human being―holding a basic sense of respect and dignity for self as a fallible human being. This is a map they lack, the map that they never developed. Then there are others who were unfortunate enough to be born into family, racial, and national cultures that forbid openness and that rewarded secrecy. Their role models put on airs as if they were always flawless, perfect, beyond criticism and other idiotic ideas about human beings.

The result?

People develop secrecy dragons― privacy dragons, fear of openness dragons, vulnerability dragons, arrogance dragons, fear of being wrong dragons, fear of open confrontation dragons, needing to control dragons, control freak dragons, fear of open communication dragons, and the list goes on. Then some even “identify” with it, “I am a private person.”

What’s the problem?

Insecurity.

They do not like being insecure. Of course, insecurity is the human condition! But they do not accept insecurity. They do not like insecurity. They are afraid of insecurity. So they pretend. They put on false fronts. They put others down in their arrogance in order to push themselves up. They hide. They will not come out in the open. They invent belief systems to support their fear of vulnerability. Hitler did and bought into Aryan supremacy. That made him feel better. But it was sick … through and through and we all know the consequences of that toxic belief system.

Slaying / Taming the Dragon

Dancing with the Fear of Vulnerability dragon or the Secrecy Dragon is not a fun dance. Sometimes I find it challenging to get a person to dance with it. The denial frames are strong as the person defends him or herself against even going there. But without dealing with these dragons, a person locks him or herself into a dungeon of insecurity, locked up behind the defense mechanisms and inside with the fear demon. This is not good. It creates a basic existential insecurity so that the person cannot be open, cannot be held accountable, cannot take full responsibility for life, cannot make mistakes and maintain dignity (self-esteem), cannot take risks for “what will people think” if they see me as a vulnerable human being?

I don’t know about you, but I don’t want any of this.

These ideas makes people sick. Literally. Physically. A family and an individual person is as sick as his or her secrets because keeping, holding, and maintaining secrets wastes a lot of energy. It takes a lot of mental and emotional energy just to remember them. It takes energy to keep up the defensive walls and to be on one’s guard against being seen, being open, being real.

And because it prevents a person from being “real” and authentic, the person cannot have real authentic relationships. That’s right. The person can only play “games” and relate to others through layers of masks. The person they present is not real, but a persona, a mask, a set of roles. This creates self-alienation.

And the fear of being exposed―the fear of being seen―that can create an existential fear that turns our emotions against ourselves that can then take a toll in the body in all kinds of stress diseases, psycho-somatic illnesses, etc. No, the Secrecy Dragon is a beast. The Fear of being Vulnerable dragon is one that prevents you from being a real live human being― fallible, weak, and insecure.

Dancing a New Dance

The meta-state structure of openness to vulnerability, openness to being real, to being what we are, fallible, to being accountable, responsible, etc. is a very wonderful and magical state. Here’s how I’ve put my richly textured state of openness to vulnerability together.

1. First I access my power-zone of my basic God-given responses: thinking, feeling, speaking, and acting. These are mine… fallible, yes, but my fallible responses.
2. So I accept them … and then go further, I appreciate and esteem these fallible powers as the powers I have to influence myself, others, and my world. Fallible? Sure, and that means that I have lots of room to grow. It also means that I stubbornly reject any toxic idea about being flawless or perfect. “Hell no!” I welcome warmly into my mind and emotions my right to make mistakes and to learn from them. Feedback is what I use to keep growing and developing.
3. I then use these fallible powers to esteem myself as having worth and dignity as a given and this self-esteeming foundation then allows me to not be afraid of being what I am. It, in fact, gives me the freedom to use my vulnerability and neediness to be real and authentic in my relationships. Now I can present myself as “just me.” I need to put on no airs of being a “somebody” because of my money, status, degrees, intelligence, looks, fame, etc. Non-sense! I have been a “somebody” since I dropped from the womb (Oh, so that’s what happened!) completely naked and having no control over my bladder for a long time! I arrived in this world a human being … a somebody … and I haven’t had to prove anything to anyone since!
4. I accept and welcome being a response-able person who can take actions and I welcome the corrections of others. I even appoint people to “hold me accountable.” In my case, I have appointed Bob Bodenhamer and Carl Lloyd to do that. I want to live up to my own goals and values and I know that they will help me to be a better person.
5. When I make a mistake, I welcome correction so that I can quickly learn, proactively make corrections, and get on with things. I refuse to wallow around feeling bad, feeling guilty, feeling inadequate. Of course, I’m inadequate. I’m human; I’m not god. And guilt ― true guilt, means that I have done wrong and need to correct something. Like a “Wrong Way” sign on a highway. No need to feel bad, just turn around ― go the other way!
6. I access the higher state of un-insultability based upon my innate dignity and therefore can matter-of-factly explore insults, criticisms, and rejections. Along that line, I give myself permission to be rejected. Of course, everybody won’t like me. What was I thinking? Of course, everybody is not going to like everything I say, do, believe, write, etc. So I grant myself permission to be disliked. It’s not that big of a deal. What, I only have 6 billion other people on the planet to relate to? That’s not enough?
7. I set a frame of openness and vulnerability and trust as my basic “way of being in the world.” So I live my life like an “open book.” Some will want to read and hang around; others won’t. If someone comes into my life and decides to use my openness and vulnerability against me, I give them a chance or two and then I do what the great Nazareth teacher said, “Don’t cast your pearls before swine.. Lest they turn and tear into you and trod your pearls underfoot.” Jesus’ statement is in the context of relationships, “Do unto others as you want them to do until you,” and “Judge not lest you be judged” (Matthew 7:1-12). It’s a passage about getting along. Be open and accepting rather than judging, but also be as wise as a serpent and harmless as a dove. If someone is hurtful and ugly, get the hell out of there! Don’t put up with it.

Super-Charge your Brain

That’s how I’ve super-charged my brain about being open. I refuse to live my life with secrets and go around fearful of what people may find out. And without the Dragon of Fear of Secrecy, Fear of Vulnerability ―it releases a lot of energy and power to follow my passions. It gives me a clear conscience. It enables me to live congruently with my values and visions.

I feel sad for the pathetic matrix that some people live in as they sneak around in the secret caverns of their mind fearful of people, fearful of being exposed, fearful of being real, fearful of just living their lives openly. What a waste. Pretty arrogant really. While they are inside worrying about what others are thinking, the others that they fear are inside worrying about what others are thinking! And the real people― those open to being vulnerable, being authentic, receiving corrections, growing, etc., they are just getting on doing things and having fun.

As a Neuro-Semanticist, I think you now see why we have structured Accessing Personal Genius training as we have. Inside that program there are other things going on. This is one of them.

References

Hall, Michael L. (2000). Meta-States: Managing the higher levels of the mind. Grand Jct. CO: N.S. Publications.

Hall, Michael. L. (2000). Dragon Slaying. Grand Junction, CO. Neuro-Semantic Publications

Hall, Michael L. (2002). Dancing with Dragons. Article

Author:

L. Michael Hall, Ph.D., cognitive psychologist, international NLP trainer, entrepreneur; prolific author and international training; developer of Meta-States and co-developer of Neuro-Semantics. (P.O. Box 8, Clifton CO 81520), (970) 523_7877. www.neurosemantics.com

Ego-strength.

• What is it? What does it mean?
• Is it something we are born with or is it something that we can develop?
• If we can develop it, how do we do that? How long does it take?

We first introduced the idea and terminology of ego-strength into NLP when we made it one of the higher level meta-programs in Figuring Out People. Of course, the idea has a long history in the field of psychology. We can trace the development of the concept back to Freud and his three-fold division of personality in terms of id, ego, and super-ego.

If ego is the self in contact with reality, then ego-strength refers to the strength of our sense of self or person to look face in the face without caving in or being overwhelmed. The strength of ego-strength is the power, determination, road ability to engage reality for whatever we find it to be. This highlights ego-strength as the ability to accept what is as existing and to then use our cognitive-behavioral, emotional and relational skills to deal with such. Ego-strength then is our ability to play the Game of Life according to whatever curves life throws at us. Ego-strength also refers to the inner personal strength by which we tolerate stress and frustration. It is ego-strength that allows us to deal with reality without falling back to infantile defense mechanisms.

• Now, given this definition of ego-strength—
• Do you have that kind of internal strength?
• Would you like to?
• What could you do with yourself and with life if you were to develop your ego-strength so that you could just face life on its terms without fuming and fusing?
• What focus would you develop if you had the ego-strength to not be put off by stress, frustrations, or disappointments?
• How much more peaceful and focused would you feel if you had ego-strength?

Clearing out Misconceptions about “Ego”

We are all born without any ego-strength. For that matter, we are all born without an ego. Sure we are born as a self, a human self, we just don’t know it. Being born without any sense of ego means that, at first, there is no “I.” There is only enmeshment. As babies, we grow inside our mothers—fully attached. Then comes the separation. We come into this world still attached and enmeshed with our mother and without the ability to distinguish ourselves from her. As an infant, it is all one and the same. This is the process by which we become an autonomous human being. The physiological separation of birth precedes the psychological separation and birth of the self. We call this process individuation.

“Ego” is Greek for I. In the Greek New Testament or a Greek version of Plato or Aristotle any time someone says, “I…” they utter the word ego. Thousands of years later Sigmund Freud designated ego as the sense of self, the “I” that deals with and relates to reality.

Normally our ego-strength grows and develops psychologically as we grow and develop physically. It’s part of our psycho-cognitive-social development. We develop more and more of a sense of self as we face reality. As that “I” develops the ability to see and accept reality for what it is, without the magical thinking of wishing and confusing wishing with reality, we develop more strength for coping and mastering the facts and constraints that life puts before us.

Weak ego-strength describes a person’s senses of self that doesn’t easily face, take in, and cope with what is. Instead it fights reality, hates it, and wishes it otherwise. Expectations are unrealistic and based on inadequate understanding. Reality seems too big, too frightening, too overwhelming … and so we avoid the encounter. In weak ego-strength, we don’t feel up to the task but unresourceful, weak, fragile, unable to cope, etc. The weaker the ego-strength, the less we will engage reality and the more we will flee to superstition, magic thinking and wishing, and addictions.

Strong ego-strength describes the person who first accepts whatever is as existing has raised his or her frustration tolerance, then looks at it and explores it with a view of dealing with it, coping and mastering. With strong ego-strength we do not personalize things that happen in the world or what others say. We notice and we access the necessary resources to deal with it. The strong our ego-strength grows, the more of a sense of self we develop and the greater our a sense of skills and resources, and ability to handle whatever comes.

This use of “ego” differs from how we use when we say, “He has his ego involved” in this or that. Then we are speaking about a person’s self-definition, pride, and reputation. Typically this indicates a weak ego strength and the need to boaster it up by fighting, defending, and being defensive. There’s a paradox here. The stronger our ego, the less our “ego” is involved, or “on the line” with what we do. Strengthening our ego enables us to sit our “ego” aside and to engage the world as we explore what is out there and what opportunities it offers.

How to Strengthen Your Ego-Strength

How do we go about strengthening our ego?
What patterns and processes allow us to do this?
What frames, beliefs, values, expectations, etc. support this?

The following are offered as beginning guidelines—processes which we have incorporated in our basic Meta-States training, Accessing Personal Genius. If you have experienced that training, then you know these processes and can keep refreshing the meta-stating patterns until you not only strengthen your ego-strength, but actually super-charge it. This will empower you to face life on life’s terms and to develop a sense of self-efficacy in the face of changing times. It will enrich your powers of optimism, resilience, and creativity.

1^st Acceptance

First and foremost, we strengthen our ego-strength by meta-stating ourselves with acceptance. Access the state of acceptance and apply that feeling to your “self.” Think of something small and simple that you simply accept. You could get yourself worked up about it, even furious and frustrated, but you have learned to just go along and accept it. It could be something like the rain, the traffic, changing the baby’s diaper, taking out the garbage, etc. Think small and simple.

What is that like when you are accepting something? Feel that and reflexively turn that feeling back onto yourself—your sense of self, life, the cards that life has dealt you, when and where you were born, your aptitudes and lack of aptitudes, etc. As you do this, you’ll experience a quiet and tender feeling, one that may not necessarily feel very positive. It’s just a feeling of welcoming something into your life but not with any particular thrill or liking. To do that is to experience appreciation. Yet acceptance also is not resignation or condoning. Acceptance is just welcoming something into your world without any negative fanfare.

In this, acceptance can be a truly magical state. In it, we simply acknowledge the world for what it is regardless of our likes or dislikes. We simply acknowledge the constraints that exist and that we have to deal with.

2^nd Adjusting Expectancies

Second, look at your self-expectancies and expectancies of others, the world, work, etc. and adjust them so that you have a fairly accurate map about what is, how things work, and what you can legitimately expect. What have you mapped about yourself, people, relationships, fairness, life, etc.? Every unrealistic expectation sets us up for a cognitive and semantic jar and for a possible disappointment. If it is unrealistic, then we are trying to navigate and work in a world that is ultimately an illusion of the mind. A more effective approach is to set out to create a good and useful map that will enable us to go and experience what we desire.

This explains how learning and developing greater understandings about things increases ego-strength. Knowing what is, how things work, the rules and principles of people, relationships, careers, etc. gives us the ability to adjust our thinking-and-emoting to such and this increases our ego-strength. It takes the surprise and shock out of being caught up short. It raises our level of frustration tolerance.

3^rd Stepping into Our Power Zone

Weak and strong ego-strength is related to our sense of personal power or the lack thereof. We increase ego-strength when we accept our personal powers or responses of thinking, emoting, speaking, and behaving, meta-state them with a frame of ownership and then by welcoming and practicing the use of our powers, step more and more into our power zone. This increases our self-efficacy, activity, proactivity, etc. The more resourcefulness we have, the more willing and able we are to face reality and to master our world.

4^th Meta-Stating Flexibility

A fourth process for strengthening ego-strength involves replacing rigidity and closedness of mind with flexibility, willingness to accept change, and an openness to the flux and flow of life. In weak ego-strength we strongly feel a sense of insecurity. Then that we don’t want things to change we want things to stay the same. As we develop more personal security, we are more open to change and to adapting and to using our resources. Openness to change, which supports personal flexibility, enables us to face the world and our future with an optimistic attitude. Then, if things change, we feel fine because our security lies in ourselves and in our strength of ego to figure things out.

5^th Optimistic Explanatory Style

A fifth thing that increases the strength of our ego to face reality is the ability and attitude of interpreting things in such a way that we put a positive spin on things. We call this attitude, optimism. It stands in contrast to pessimism.

Martin Selgiman identified both the pessimistic and optimistic explanatory styles in his research with laboratory animals and then with humans. The pessimistic style consists of three P’s: personal, pervasive, and permanent. We take a “bad” thing, an unpleasant or unfortunate event and make it about ourselves (personal), about everything in our lives (pervasive) and about forever (permanent) and that’s a formula for pessimism and clinical depression.

Conversely, when we index the specifics of an event, we contain the “evil” or “badness” because then it is about the event and not us (non-personal), it is here in this situation and context (non-pervasive), and it is today (non-permanent). This frames the negative event so that it doesn’t contaminate us with the “evil” and infiltrate our mind so that’s all we can see and feel. It enables us to then think about other things, what we truly are and what we care about, what we can do and how we can take positive action to make a difference. This begins to create the attitude of optimism as it operates from a position of strength, confidence, possibilities, and taking pleasure in what is going right.

It is in this way that we develop sufficient ego-strength to face reality and to not be overwhelmed by frustration, disappointment, hurt, etc. We do what we can with what we have and we enjoy the process everyday.

6^th Consciously raising our Frustration and Stress Tolerance Level

If you look around the human situation at all the things that can and does trigger “stress” in people or that frustrates them and make a list—you will eventually make a list of everything. And the very things that frustrate the hell out of some people thrill and excite others. What one experiences as a stressor, another enjoys as excitement. In this, both stress and frustration are in the eye of the beholder.

The strength of your self develops by framing things in such a way that we endow it with empowering meanings. Positive framing and reframing then allows us to take a new view of things which then effects how we actually feel about things. In this way, framing and reframing things can enhance our ego-strength to face, cope with, and even master the challenges of life. We often do this by developing the kinds of frames of mind that allow us to develop the insights, distinctions, and skills so that what would frustrate others gives us opportunities for development.

Summary

• Ego-strength as a meta-state in the matrix of your Self is also a meta-program and so governs how you sort for things and perceive information as you move through the world. As a rich and complex set of embedded frames, your ego-strength plays a significant role in the quality of your life, in your skills for making a difference, and in your ability to effectively face reality.
• Ego-strength can also be strengthened. We can develop a strong and more robust attitude about life. We can grow out of the childish wishful thinking that’s fearful, insecure, and fragile and develop a mind-set about life on its own terms that gives us a robust motivation and an optimistic attitude that allows us to sign up for life.

Author:

L. Michael Hall, Ph.D. is a psychologist turned Neuro-Semantist trainer, researcher, and modeler. He lives in the Rocky Mountains of beautiful Colorado and is author of over 30 books.

References:

Hall, L. Michael; Bodenhamer, Bob G. (1997). Figuring Out People: Design Engineering with Meta-Programs. Wales, UK: Crown House Publications.

Hall, L. Michael (1999). The Secrets of Personal Mastery. Wales, UK: Crown House Publications.